Dahshur[transliteration 1] (in English often called Dashur; Egyptian Arabic: ????? Dahšur pronounced [d?h'?u??]), is a royal necropolis located in the desert on the west bank of the Nile approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of Cairo. It is known chiefly for several pyramids, two of which are among the oldest, largest and best preserved in Egypt, built from 2613–2589 BCE.
Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh).
|
Climate data for Dahshur |
|
Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
|
Average high °C (°F) |
19.7
(67.5) |
21.3
(70.3) |
24.7
(76.5) |
29.3
(84.7) |
33.5
(92.3) |
35.6
(96.1) |
36
(97) |
35.6
(96.1) |
33.2
(91.8) |
31
(88) |
26.2
(79.2) |
21.5
(70.7) |
28.97
(84.18) |
|
Daily mean °C (°F) |
13.6
(56.5) |
14.6
(58.3) |
17.7
(63.9) |
21.3
(70.3) |
25.3
(77.5) |
27.8
(82) |
28.7
(83.7) |
28.6
(83.5) |
26.5
(79.7) |
24.3
(75.7) |
20
(68) |
15.5
(59.9) |
21.99
(71.58) |
|
Average low °C (°F) |
7.5
(45.5) |
8
(46) |
10.7
(51.3) |
13.4
(56.1) |
17.2
(63) |
20
(68) |
21.4
(70.5) |
21.6
(70.9) |
19.8
(67.6) |
17.7
(63.9) |
13.9
(57) |
9.5
(49.1) |
15.06
(59.08) |
|
Precipitation mm (inches) |
3
(0.12) |
2
(0.08) |
2
(0.08) |
1
(0.04) |
0
(0) |
0
(0) |
0
(0) |
0
(0) |
0
(0) |
0
(0) |
2
(0.08) |
4
(0.16) |
14
(0.56) |
|
Source: Climate-Data.org[1] |
The Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid were constructed during the reign of Pharaoh Sneferu (2613-2589 BCE), father of Khufu of the Old Kingdom. The shape of the Bent Pyramid is unique; it represents a transitional pyramid form believed to have been the result of an engineering crisis encountered during its construction. The Red Pyramid is the world's first true smooth-sided pyramid.
The pyramid of the 12th Dynasty king Amenemhat II (1929-1895 BCE) is now badly damaged. Next to it were found several undisturbed tombs of royal women still containing a large amount of jewellery. The pyramid of Sesostris III was part of a huge complex, with several smaller pyramids of royal women, along with another pyramid to the south. In a gallery tomb next to this pyramid were found two treasures of the king's daughters (Sithathor).
The Black Pyramid dates from the later reign of Amenemhat III and, although badly eroded, it remains the most imposing monument at the site after the two Sneferu pyramids. The polished granite pyramidion or capstone of the Black Pyramid is on display in the main hall of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Next to the pyramid was found the partly disturbed tomb of 13th Dynasty king Hor and the undisturbed burial place of Nubhetepti-khered, possibly his daughter.
Several other pyramids of the 13th Dynasty were built at Dahshur. Only the one of the reign of Ameny Qemau has been excavated so far. Ahmad Fakhri was an archaeologist who worked at this site.
Extensive cemeteries of officials of the Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdom have been found around Dahshur's pyramids. Dahshur was Egypt's royal necropolis during the reign of the 12th Dynasty king Amenemhat II.
In July 2012, Dahshur's entire Christian community, which some estimate to be as many as 100 families, fled to nearby towns due to sectarian violence. The violence began in a dispute over a badly ironed shirt, which in turn escalated into a fight in which a Christian burned a Muslim to death. This, in turn, sparked a rampage by angry Muslims, while the police failed to act. At least 16 homes and properties of Christians were pillaged, some were torched, and a church was damaged during the violence. This incident was reported internationally.[2]
As of January 2013, and due to the security vacuum that still prevails in Egypt following the 2011 uprising, the site is under threat of desecration and damage due to encroachment by locals of surrounding urban settlements.[3]